Britain ceded the long-time colony to China in 1997 under a 50-year governance model known as "one country, two systems", which guaranteed key freedoms and a measure of autonomy.
These rights -- such as the freedom of assembly -- set Hong Kong apart from the mainland, and July 1 was once a day of demonstrations for the city's outspoken civil society.
But following huge and sometimes violent pro-democracy protests in 2019, China imposed a sweeping national security law that -- when combined with legal changes putting "patriots" in charge -- effectively stamped out most forms of dissent from Hong Kong life.
On Saturday, ex-security chief turned leader John Lee said Hong Kong was "largely stable" now, but was still being targeted by countries that oppose China's rise.
"There are also destructive forces engaging in soft resistance hidden within Hong Kong," Lee said during a speech at an event marking the anniversary.
"Therefore, we must remain alert and take the initiative ourselves to protect national security."
He also said the finance hub -- whose economy was pummelled by pandemic-related border closures that left it internationally isolated -- was on the "fast lane to resuming normality".
"Over the past year, the government has led Hong Kong out from the shadow of the pandemic, cultivating confidence and hope amid a difficult experience," Lee said, adding that he expected GDP to grow "around 3.5 to 5.5 percent" in 2023.
Responsible for spearheading Hong Kong's security response to the 2019 protests, Lee was sworn in as the city's leader on July 1 last year after running for the post unopposed and with Beijing's backing.
Hong Kong stuck with China's zero-Covid strategy for nearly three years, even as other economies were reopening, with strict pandemic curbs hurting businesses and sparking a talent exodus.
Still, health experts said the city saw some of the world's highest coronavirus death rates -- mostly due to low vaccination, especially among the jab-hesitant elderly -- when the super-contagious Omicron variant breached its defences in late 2021.
- Activists warned -
The quiet streets of Hong Kong on Saturday were a far cry from previous years, when hundreds of thousands of residents would take part in a march to air their political and social grievances.
Police said they received no applications for public processions on Saturday.
Local media reported that more than 6,000 police officers were deployed around the city to ensure order.
Five activists told AFP that they were "reminded" by authorities not to stage any protests on July 1 or in the lead-up to the anniversary.
The conversations took place in police stations and were brief, said two of the activists, who requested anonymity due to fear of reprisals.
An elderly man who held up a placard in the Causeway Bay shopping district calling for the release of political prisoners was quickly surrounded by police and escorted away on Saturday afternoon.
"I would feel uncomfortable if I hadn't come out (to protest)," he told reporters.
Since the national security law took effect, scores of opposition figures have been jailed, disqualified from office or have moved abroad.
Critics, including many Western powers, say Beijing has effectively discarded its promise to maintain Hong Kong's autonomy.
But both mainland and Hong Kong officials have defended the security law and legal changes as necessary to restore order and insist that civil liberties remain intact.
Local officials, meanwhile, have tried to project a celebratory mood for the anniversary by offering restaurant discounts, museum ticket giveaways and free public transport.
A visitor from mainland China who gave her surname as Liang said she felt Hong Kong was on the upswing, adding that the city retained its appeal as a shopping and cultural hub.
"It's very packed everywhere and people feel festive," said Liang, who was in the queue at a contemporary art museum.
"I think this is the right way to celebrate Hong Kong's return to the motherland."
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