Efficient Green Hydrogen Production from Urine

Efficient Green Hydrogen Production from Urine
by Simon Mansfield
Sydney, Australia (SPX) May 12, 2025

Researchers at the University of Adelaide, in collaboration with the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Carbon Science and Innovation (COE-CSI), have developed two innovative urea-based electrolysis systems capable of producing cost-effective green hydrogen. These systems utilize urea found in urine and wastewater as an alternative to traditional water-based hydrogen production, offering significant energy savings.

Conventional hydrogen production relies on water electrolysis, a process that, while promising for renewable energy, is often energy-intensive and costly. In contrast, urea-based electrolysis can significantly reduce the energy required, making it a potentially more economical and sustainable approach. However, existing urea systems have faced challenges, including limited hydrogen output and the generation of harmful by-products like nitrates and nitrites, which can impede efficiency and pose environmental risks.

The Adelaide team addressed these issues by developing two distinct systems. The first employs a membrane-free setup and a novel copper-based catalyst, which, while efficient, initially required pure urea-a substance typically synthesized through the energy-intensive Haber-Bosch process, known for its high carbon emissions.

To overcome this limitation, the researchers devised a second system utilizing raw human urine as a urea source. This approach not only eliminates the carbon footprint associated with synthetic urea but also offers a practical solution for wastewater remediation. The second system incorporates a chlorine-mediated oxidation mechanism, leveraging platinum-based catalysts on carbon supports to efficiently generate hydrogen without the toxic by-products common in earlier designs.

"While we haven't solved all the problems, should these systems be scaled up, our systems produce harmless nitrogen gas instead of the toxic nitrates and nitrites, and either system will use between 20-27 percent less electricity than water splitting systems," said Professor Yao Zheng, a chief investigator at COE-CSI.

The researchers plan to advance this work by developing carbon-supported, non-precious metal catalysts to further reduce costs and enhance the scalability of membrane-free urine-wastewater systems, potentially transforming the economics of green hydrogen production.

Research Report:Urine electrooxidation for energy-saving hydrogen generation