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 by Sky and Telescope Staff Writers Washington DC (SPX) Aug 20, 2021
The full Moon of Sunday, August 22nd, will be a "Blue Moon" according to the original - but not the most popular - definition of the phrase. In modern usage, "Blue Moon" has come to refer to the second full Moon in a month (the last of these occurred on October 31, 2020) - but that hasn't always been the case. This colorful term is actually a calendrical goof that worked its way into the pages of Sky and Telescope in March 1946 and spread around the world from there. Editors and contributors to Sky and Telescope have traced the traditional astronomical definition to the Maine Farmers' Almanac in the late 1930s. he Almanac consistently used the term to refer to the third full Moon in a season containing four (rather than the usual three). "Introducing the 'Blue' Moon meant that the traditional full Moon names, such as the Wolf Moon and Harvest Moon, stayed in synch with their season," says Diana Hannikainen (pronounced HUHN-ih-KY-nen), Sky and Telescope's Observing Editor. But in 1946, amateur astronomer and frequent contributor to Sky and Telescope James Hugh Pruett (1886-1955) incorrectly interpreted the Almanac's description, and the second-full-Moon-in-a-month usage was born. Sky and Telescope admitted to its "Blue Moon blooper" in the March 1999 issue (see "What Is a Blue Moon in Astronomy?"). Canadian folklorist Philip Hiscock and Texas astronomer-historian Donald W. Olson worked with the magazine's editors at the time to figure out the origin of the mistake, and how the two-full-Moons-in-a-month meaning spread into the English language. By either definition, Blue Moons are still relatively rare. They happen about once every 2.7 years on average. We get a "true" Blue Moon when the cycle of lunar phases causes the full Moon to occur within a few days after an equinox or solstice. The last such occurrence was in February 2019, and the next after this month's will be in August 2024. We get a "Sky and Telescope" Blue Moon after a full Moon occurs on the first or second night of a month having 30 or 31 days, respectively; there can never be this type of Blue Moon in February, because full Moons occur 29.5 days apart. The next second-full-Moon-in-a-month Blue Moon comes in August 2023. The Moon will be exactly full (that is, directly opposite the Sun) this month at 8:01 a.m. Eastern Daylight Time (12:01 Universal Time), after the Moon has set as seen from the U.S. East Coast. This means that observers in the Americas will see nearly full Moons on two successive nights - August 21-22 and August 22-23 - with the Moon appearing closest to full before dawn and again after dusk on the 22nd. Historically, the term "Blue Moon" was more often not an astronomical term: In older songs it's used as a symbol of sadness or loneliness, while "once in a blue Moon" means a rare event. Only exceedingly rarely does the Moon actually turn blue in our sky - when volcanic eruptions or forest fires send lots of smoke and fine dust into the atmosphere. Popular culture has also enthusiastically adopted the phrase "Blue Moon" and applied it to many different things. As you wait for the Blue Moon to rise on August 22nd, you could treat yourself to a Blue Moon cocktail: In a tall glass filled with ice, mix four parts of gin to one part of blue curacao and add a twist of lemon. Enjoy!
NASA benefits from Lunar surface simulant testing Kennedy Space Center FL (SPX) Aug 18, 2021 To safely reach the Moon, a lunar lander must fire its rocket engines to decelerate the spacecraft for a soft touchdown. During this process, the engine exhaust stirs up regolith - the dust and rocks on the lunar surface - creating a host of potential challenges, from destabilizing the lander to damaging instruments and reducing visibility. To dig into this problem, a team from NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida is preparing 16 tons of a regolith simulant called Black Point-1 (BP-1) for use in ... read more
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